{"id":794,"date":"2021-06-07T14:02:52","date_gmt":"2021-06-07T14:02:52","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/mrbass.org\/?page_id=794"},"modified":"2022-05-10T21:49:26","modified_gmt":"2022-05-10T16:19:26","slug":"linux","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/mrbass.org\/linux\/","title":{"rendered":"Linux Tips and Tricks"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"3fb9018e3c2cdfb5f3c432f774a1e1a9\" data-index=\"1\" style=\"float: none; margin:10px 0 10px 0; text-align:center;\">\n<script async src=\"https:\/\/pagead2.googlesyndication.com\/pagead\/js\/adsbygoogle.js?client=ca-pub-4690070700970079\"\r\n     crossorigin=\"anonymous\"><\/script>\r\n<!-- Mrbass ad-1 -->\r\n<ins class=\"adsbygoogle\"\r\n     style=\"display:block\"\r\n     data-ad-client=\"ca-pub-4690070700970079\"\r\n     data-ad-slot=\"2829656121\"\r\n     data-ad-format=\"auto\"\r\n     data-full-width-responsive=\"true\"><\/ins>\r\n<script>\r\n     (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});\r\n<\/script>\n<\/div>\n\n<p>Verify md5sum using linux<br><strong>md5sum -c linux.iso.md5<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Create an md5sum using linux<br><strong>md5sum linux.iso &gt; linux.iso.md5<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Verify md5sum using windows<br>rename the md5sum file (.md5sum, .asc, etc.) to .md5 extension if not already.<br>Download\u00a0QuickPar\u00a0and in options check Associate with SFV\/MD5 files<br>Double-click\u00a0<strong>linux.iso.md5<\/strong>\u00a0and it&#8217;ll verify it&#8217;s md5sum.<br>linux.iso and linux.iso.md5 must be in the same directory.<br><br><br><a href=\"http:\/\/curl.haxx.se\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Curl<\/a>\u00a0has support for files over 2GB while\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/www.gnu.org\/software\/wget\/wget.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">wget<\/a>\u00a0only has a hacked patched version.<br><br>To download a linux iso using wget or curl<br><strong>wget http:\/\/www.mrbass.org\/linux.iso<br>curl -o linux.iso http:\/\/www.mrbass.org\/linux.iso<\/strong><br><br>To download a linux iso using wget or curl that has hot-linking protection<br><strong>wget &#8211;referer=http:\/\/www.mrbass.org http:\/\/www.mrbass.org\/linux.iso<br>curl -o linux.iso -e http:\/\/www.mrbass.org http:\/\/www.mrbass.org\/linux.iso<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul><li><a href=\"https:\/\/mrbass.org\/fm-whatsapp\/\">FMWhatsapp APK Download Latest Version Update 2022<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/mrbass.org\/gb-whatsapp\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">GBWhatsapp Apk Download Latest Version 2022 [Anti-ban]<\/a><\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>To resume a partially download file using wget or curl<br><strong>wget -c &#8211;referer=http:\/\/www.mrbass.org http:\/\/www.mrbass.org\/linux.iso<\/strong><br><strong>curl -C &#8211; -o linux.iso -e http:\/\/www.mrbass.org http:\/\/www.mrbass.org\/linux.iso<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>To resume a partially download file via ftp with username and password using curl<br><strong>curl -C &#8211; -u username:password -o linux.iso ftp.mrbass.org\/linux.iso<\/strong><br><br>To download many linux iso images in queue using wget or curl<br><strong>wget &#8211;referer=http:\/\/www.mrbass.org http:\/\/www.mrbass.org\/linuxcd1.iso http:\/\/www.mrbass.org\/linuxcd2.iso http:\/\/www.mrbass.org\/linuxcd3.iso<br><br>curl -C &#8211; -o linux.iso -e http:\/\/www.mrbass.org http:\/\/www.mrbass.org\/linux.iso<br>http:\/\/www.mrbass.org\/linuxcd2.iso http:\/\/www.mrbass.org\/linuxcd3.iso<br><br><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>To get the size of all directories in the current directory:<br><strong>find . -maxdepth 1 -type d -print | xargs du -sk | sort -rn<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>A spiffy way to see what directories are taking up the most space on your hard drive is&nbsp;<strong>du -sk * | sort -n<\/strong>&nbsp;&#8212; this will show just the base-level directories in whatever directory you run this in. So it will include the size of sub-directories, but not list them in the output.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>To run a program in the background simply add a &amp; to the end of your command, i.e.&nbsp;<strong>top &amp;<\/strong>. If you have already started the program and you now want to run it in the background first suspsend it with&nbsp;<strong>CTRL &#8211; Z<\/strong>&nbsp;then type&nbsp;<strong>bg<\/strong>&nbsp;To get the program back in the foreground simply issue the command&nbsp;<strong>fg<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Instead of&nbsp;<strong>cd \/home\/user<\/strong>&nbsp;you can simply&nbsp;<strong>cd ~<\/strong>&nbsp;or&nbsp;<strong>cd<\/strong>&nbsp;to quickly get to your home directory. also&nbsp;<strong>cd &#8211;&nbsp;<\/strong>will return you to your previous directory you were in.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>If you untar a package, and it makes a mess of your directory because the packager didn&#8217;t include the files in his tarball in a directory, you can use&nbsp;<strong>rm `tar ftz stupidpackage-1.0.0.tar.gz`<\/strong>&nbsp;to quickly get rid of those cluttering files.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>This might sound silly, but for the longest time I didn&#8217;t know how to examine my system and it&#8217;s information effectively. issuing&nbsp;<strong>df<\/strong>&nbsp;or&nbsp;<strong>df -h<\/strong>&nbsp;will show you free and used disk space,&nbsp;<strong>procinfo<\/strong>&nbsp;if installed gives you a wealth of information from&nbsp;<strong>\/proc<\/strong>, and overmore&nbsp;<strong>cat\/proc\/interrupts<\/strong>&nbsp;or&nbsp;<strong>cat \/proc\/cpuinfo<\/strong>&nbsp;gives your irq settings and your cpu information respectively. Play around,&nbsp;<strong>\/proc<\/strong>&nbsp;holds many more system tid bits if you look.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>If you want to mirror via ftp something like the latest RedHat distribution, an easy way is to use Midnight Commander (mc). Type: $&nbsp;<strong>mc<\/strong>&nbsp;and then press&nbsp;<strong>F9<\/strong>&nbsp;and select&nbsp;<strong>FTP link<\/strong>&nbsp;. . . and enter a host such as&nbsp;<strong>sunsite.unc.edu<\/strong>&nbsp;Move to directory you want to download and select&nbsp;<strong>file\/directory<\/strong>&nbsp;by Insert-key and press&nbsp;<strong>F5<\/strong>&nbsp;to copy. This may be a nice alternative for people who don&#8217;t want to use a command line FTP client.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Search for SUID programs to save yourself from getting rooted with&nbsp;<strong>find \/ -perm -4000<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Sometimes it is necessary to know which rpm package contains one or another file. One way to make a catalog of all files from all rpms of your favorite distribution is:<strong><br>rpm -qpil \/mnt\/cdrom\/YourDistro\/RPMS\/*rpm &gt; rpms-info.txt<\/strong><br>This will create rpms-info.txt file contaning information about each rpm from requested directory with the list of all files encapsulated in each rpm packages. The same should work for ftp directories.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>lsmod<\/strong>&nbsp;is a great way to check out information about your loaded modules.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>You can use the smbmount command to mount windows shares like normal drives. For this you need samba and smbfs support in your kernel. The syntax is:<br><strong>smbmount &#8220;\\\\\\\\name\\\\share&#8221; -c &#8216;mount \/mnt\/point&#8217; -I ip#<\/strong><br>Example:<br><strong>smbmount &#8220;\\\\\\\\WINDOZE\\\\c&#8221; -c &#8216;mount \/mnt\/smb1&#8217; -I 10.0.0.13<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>While using&nbsp;<strong>bash<\/strong>, if you have typed a long command, and then realize you don&#8217;t want to execute it yet, don&#8217;t delete it. Simply&nbsp;<strong>append a #&nbsp;<\/strong>to the beginning of the line, and then hit&nbsp;<strong>enter<\/strong>. Bash will not execute the command, but will store it in history so later you can go back,&nbsp;<strong>remove the #<\/strong>&nbsp;from the front, and execute it.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>To view the contents of a file that is growing in size (e.g. a log file) use&nbsp;<strong>tail +0 -f file<\/strong>. The command&nbsp;<strong>tail -0 -f file<\/strong>&nbsp;can be used to create an ersatz or substitute FIFO.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Where has all my disk space gone! start in \/home or \/var and run the following:<strong><br>du -S | sort -n -r | more<\/strong><br>which will lists directory sizes, starting with the largest.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Sometimes you may want to unzip more than one file simultaneously. Doing&nbsp;<strong>unzip *<\/strong>&nbsp;does not work, the correct way to do it is by adding quotes, like this:&nbsp;<strong>unzip &#8220;*&#8221;<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In the bash console, hitting&nbsp;<strong>ALT-printscreen<\/strong>&nbsp;will switch you immediately to the tty you were last at.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>To search the entire hard disk for files containing &#8220;pattern&#8221; you can use find:<br><strong>find \/ -name &#8216;*&#8217; -exec grep pattern {} \\;<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Type&nbsp;<strong>ls -alF | grep \/$<\/strong>&nbsp;for a list of subdirs in the current directory. I have this aliased to&nbsp;<strong>&#8216;lsd&#8217;<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>netstat -a<\/strong>&nbsp;will allow you to see all the tcp and udp ports your system has open.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>pstree<\/strong>&nbsp;will print out they system&#8217;s tree of process, so you can see what processes came from what processes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>To look at an RPMs information for both already installed packages and packages for which you have the file for,&nbsp;<strong>rpm -qi package_name<\/strong>&nbsp;will do it.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>A cool way to get screenshots in X windows is to use the import command. Example:&nbsp;<strong>import background.jpg<\/strong>&nbsp;then make a box around what you want with you cursor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>You can use all valid terminals, even if they aren&#8217;t being used, by sending your data to the terminal number you want. Example:&nbsp;<strong>tail -f \/var\/log\/messages &gt; \/dev\/tty12<\/strong><br>would send any messages or syslog stuff to tty12, which is accessable by&nbsp;<strong>LEFTALT-F12.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>If you want to run a command and log out while it is running, you nohup. Example:&nbsp;<strong>nohup program<\/strong>&nbsp;or&nbsp;<strong>nohup %1<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>To use a text mode other than the default&nbsp;<strong>80&#215;25<\/strong>, such as&nbsp;<strong>80&#215;50<\/strong>&nbsp;or even&nbsp;<strong>132&#215;60<\/strong>, put&nbsp;<strong>vga=ask<\/strong>&nbsp;into your&nbsp;<strong>lilo.conf<\/strong>&nbsp;file and then run lilo. When you reboot it will let you choose your video mode. When you decide which one you want, you can put&nbsp;<strong>vga=n<\/strong>&nbsp;where n is the number of the video mode you would like. Usually n is 1 through 8.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator\"\/>\n\n\n\n<p>ifconfig eth0 &lt;ipaddress&gt;<br>route add default gw &lt;ipofgateway&gt;<br>vi \/etc\/HOSTNAME<br>machinename.yourdomain.com<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>lpr -P &lt;printername&gt;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>mount -t ramfs ramfs \/ramfiles<br>mount -o loop .iso \/mnt\/pt<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>lftp rm-r \/mirror -Rv \/localdirectory<br><br>mount -t iso9660 -o ro,loop=\/dev\/loop0 \/var\/tmp\/some.iso \/mnt\/cdrom<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>ping &lt;ipaddress&gt; -i90 &gt; \/dev\/null &amp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>VI<br>%s\/old\/new\/gc<br>:set ic (ignore case-sensitivity)<br>%s\/.\\ (wg html logs)<br><br>dd if=boot.img of=\/dev\/fd0<br><br>cdrecord -scanbus<br>cdrecord -v -eject speed=4 dev=0,5,0 -isosize \/dev\/cdrom<br>cdrecord -v -eject speed=4 dev=0,5,0 \/home\/files<br><br>dd if=\/dev\/cdrom of=imagename.iso<br><br>mount -o loop somecool.iso \/mnt\/iso<br><br>tr -d &#8216;\\r&#8217; &lt; dosfile.txt &gt; unixfile.txt<br><br>du -s * | awk &#8216;{printf(&#8220;%6s %s\\n&#8221;, $1, $2)}&#8217; | sort<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>192.168.1.10 could be www.xyz.foo.com, and 192.168.2.10 could be ftp.xyz.foo.com .<br>ifconfig eth0:1 192.168.1.10; ifconfig eth0:2 192.168.2.10 to bind both ip addresses to a box.<br><br>mount -t smbfs -o username=user,password=pass \/\/server\/share \/mount\/point<br>smbmount \/\/windowsmachine\/sharename \/mnt\/mountpoint -I windowsIpAdress -U windowsUsername<br><br>wireless connections<br>iwconfig wlan0 essid topsecret<br>ifconfig wlan up<br>pump -i wlan0<br>ping www.mrbass.org<br><br>________________________________________________________________<br><br>10.0.0.0 &#8211; 10.255.255.255<br>172.16.0.0 &#8211; 172.31.255.255<br>192.168.0.0 &#8211; 192.168.255.255<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>netmask | x | Subnet<br>~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~|~~~~|~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~<br>255.0.0.0 | \/8 | Class A<br>255.255.0.0 | \/16 | Class B<br>255.255.255.0 |\/ 24 | Class C<br>255.255.255.255 |\/ 32 | Point-to-point<br><br>________________________________________________________________<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>1 kilobyte = 2^10 Bytes = 1024 bytes<br>1 Megabyte = 2^20 Bytes = 1024 kilobytes<br>1 gigabyte = 2^30 Bytes = 1024 Megabytes<br>1 terabyte = 2^40 Bytes = 1024 gigabytes<br>1 petabyte = 2^50 Bytes = 1024 terabytes<br>1 Exabyte = 2^60 Bytes = 1024 petabytes<br>1 Zettabyte = 2^70 Bytes = 1024 Exabytes<br>1 Yottabyte = 2^80 Bytes = 1024 Zettabytes<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>1 kilobyte =1024 bytes<br>1 kilobytes=1048576 bytes<br>1 gigabyte =1073741824 bytes<br>1 terabyte =1099511627776 bytes<br>1 petabyte =1125899906842624 bytes<br>1 Exabyte =1152921504606846976 bytes<br>1 Zettabyte=1180591620717411303424 bytes<br>1 Yottabyte=1208925819614629174706176 bytes<br><br><br>________________________________________________________________<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Prevent Hotlinking<br><\/strong><br>Prevent Hotlinking files and\/or images code should be put in main config file if you have access to httpd.conf as opposed to .htaccess in the www\/ directory if you have root access to server<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>vi \/etc\/apache\/conf\/httpd.conf<\/strong>&nbsp;(and put and end of file)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>RewriteEngine on<br>RewriteCond %{HTTP_REFERER} !^$<br>RewriteCond %{HTTP_REFERER} !^http:\/\/(www\\.)?mrbass.org\/.*$ [NC]<br>RewriteRule .*\\.(iso|exe|zip|rar|jpg)$ http:\/\/www.mrbass.org\/leech\/ [R]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Then restart apache and it&#8217;ll tell you if any errors exist or not<br><strong>\/etc\/init.d\/apache restart<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>If you don&#8217;t have apache mod_rewrite loaded then you could use below however it restricts you only allowing you to return a 403 forbidden page.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>SetEnvIfNoCase Referer &#8220;^http:\/\/www.mrbass.org\/&#8221; local_ref=1<br>SetEnvIfNoCase Referer &#8220;^http:\/\/mrbass.org\/&#8221; local_ref=1<br>SetEnvIfNoCase Referer &#8220;^$&#8221; local_ref=1<br>&lt;FilesMatch &#8220;.(iso|exe|zip|rar|jpg)&#8221;&gt;<br>Order Allow,Deny<br>Allow from env=local_ref<br>&lt;\/FilesMatch&gt;<\/strong><\/p>\n\n<div style=\"font-size: 0px; height: 0px; line-height: 0px; margin: 0; padding: 0; clear: both;\"><\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Verify md5sum using linuxmd5sum -c linux.iso.md5 Create an md5sum using linuxmd5sum linux.iso &gt; linux.iso.md5 Verify md5sum using windowsrename the md5sum file (.md5sum, .asc, etc.) to .md5 extension if not already.Download\u00a0QuickPar\u00a0and [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_uag_custom_page_level_css":"","site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"default","ast-site-content-layout":"","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"default","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"default","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"ast-content-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"footnotes":""},"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v22.3 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Linux Tips and Tricks - MrBass<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/mrbass.org\/linux\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Linux Tips and Tricks - MrBass\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Verify md5sum using linuxmd5sum -c linux.iso.md5 Create an md5sum using linuxmd5sum linux.iso &gt; 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